突然ですが,諸般の事情で Android タブレット(Nexus 7)を制御器としたセグウェイっぽい自走式倒立振子を作りました.忘れないうちに製作の要点をメモしておきます.後日気が向いたときに詳細な記事を書くかもしれません.
Android タブレットは内蔵するジャイロセンサで角速度を計測し,モータに印加する制御入力の計算を行います.腕のように見えるのはレゴブロックで作られたバンパーで転倒時と机からの落下時に液晶画面を守ります.
IOIO-OTG と HUB-ee Wheel による製作容易なハードウェア
ハードウェア的に特に重要な部品は IOIO-OTG と HUB-ee Wheel です.
上の写真が IOIO-OTG で,これを介して Android からモータを駆動することができます. いわゆる ADK と似たような機能を持ちますが小型であることをはじめとして,様々な面で扱いやすいと思います.
上の写真は HUB-ee Wheel で,一見タイヤに見えますが中にモータ・モータドライバ・エンコーダを内蔵している便利部品です.エンコーダがかなり粗く(4逓倍で128カウント/回転)カウンタを内蔵していない点が少し残念ですが,レゴブロックと簡単に結合でき,ハードウェアの製作を飛躍的に簡単にしてくれます.
また,今回は適当な Nexus 7 専用ケースに両面テープで電池などの部品とレゴブロック2本を接着し,あとはレゴブロックを嵌め合わせることで HUB-ee Wheels を固定し,バンパーなどを構築しています.
制御器の連続時間実装
ソフトウェア,つまり制御理論の面でやや特殊なのは制御器の連続時間実装を行っている点です.というのも,Android は非リアルタイムOSで一定周期でのジャイロセンサによる計測や制御入力の更新が困難だからです.実際 IOIOLib Application Framework で何も考えずに制御ループを回したときの実行間隔は以下のようになります.
概ね 5 ms 程度の間隔でループが回っているものの 20 ms 以上の間隔になることもしばしばあり,離散時間システムとしての実装には多少無理があることがわかります.
倒立振子のモデリングと制御器の設計は特に特殊なところはありません.
今後の課題
現状では IOIO-OTG がエンコーダのカウントをサポートしておらず,Androidのソフトウェアによる計数を行っているので,高速に移動したり制御周期が長くなったりするとエンコーダの取りこぼしが発生してしまいます.本来なら Android 端末を使った自走式倒立振子のメリットとして,カメラやネットワークを簡単に利用できることが挙げられるべきですが,この問題のために制御周期への影響が大きいと考えられるこれらの機能が使いにくいのが残念なところです.
本格的に遊ぶためにはエンコーダ用のカウンタ回路を IOIO-OTG の外部に設けるべきであると考えられます.
12 件のコメント:
Dear Ichiro Maruta,
After watching your video, I think it is very interesting. And I also want to build a similar Android-based 2-wheel robot using similar hardware like yours (except using a Samsung Galaxy S3). However, I am just an amateur hobbyist and not experienced in java or other computer language. I cannot find Hub-ee wheel java library but only Arduino library. Can you share with me your Hub-ee wheel library and the Quadrature Encoders (sensor) java library?
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